Current issue
Archive
About the Journal
About us
Aims and Scope
Indexing and Abstracting
Editorial Office
Open Access Policy
Publication Ethics
Contact
For Authors
Editorial Policy
Peer Review Policy
Manuscript Preparation Guidelines
Copyright & Licensing
Publication Fees
Fast-Track Paper Publication Option
Conflict Interest Guidance
Submit an Article
Special Issues
News & Editorials
“Fake,” “Predatory,” and “Pseudo” Journals: Charlatans Threatening Trust in Science
Shifting the Journal submission-review system to the Editorial System Manuscript December 27, 2017.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Determinant factors related to stress, resilience, and depression among health workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia
1
Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Borneo Tarakan, Tarakan, INDONESIA
2
Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, INDONESIA
3
Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Dr. Soebandi, Jember, INDONESIA
4
College of Nursing, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
Publication date: 2024-04-19
Electron J Gen Med 2024;21(2):em581
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Background:
The COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact not only on physical health but also on mental and emotional health. The extensive spread of the virus has led to an unbalanced ratio of health workers to patients. This situation can trigger the onset of stress and depression in healthcare workers, and resilience can help to alleviate mental symptoms. The study aims to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on stress, resilience, and depression among healthcare workers in health facilities in Indonesia.
Method:
This was a quantitative study with a cross-sectional approach. It involved healthcare workers in hospitals managing COVID-19 patients. 117 respondents were selected using random sampling techniques. The instruments used were the ER-14 resilience scale, COVID stress scale, and PHQ-9 depression scale. The data analysis involved chi-square and logistic regression.
Results:
Age (odds ratio [OR]=43.27; 95% confidence interval [CI]=3.01-620.98), number of children (OR=0.21; 95% CI=0.06-0.71), family dependents (OR=0.02; 95% CI=0.00-0.56), and civil servant employee status (OR=0.08; 95% CI=0.01-0.65) were significantly associated with stress among healthcare workers. In terms of resilience, the number of children was an influential determinant (OR=0.17; 95% CI=0.03-0.90), and the number of children (OR=0.21; 95% CI=0.05-0.88), family dependents (OR=11.07; 95% CI=2.12-57.82), work schedule (OR=0.23; 95% CI=0.06-0.90), and work status (OR=0.05; 95% CI=0.00-0.51) were related to depression.
Conclusions:
The findings indicate several demographical and employment factors that contribute to stress, resilience, and depression among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Policy structure is needed to support these workers during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially to ease the burden of domestic responsibility.
The COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact not only on physical health but also on mental and emotional health. The extensive spread of the virus has led to an unbalanced ratio of health workers to patients. This situation can trigger the onset of stress and depression in healthcare workers, and resilience can help to alleviate mental symptoms. The study aims to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on stress, resilience, and depression among healthcare workers in health facilities in Indonesia.
Method:
This was a quantitative study with a cross-sectional approach. It involved healthcare workers in hospitals managing COVID-19 patients. 117 respondents were selected using random sampling techniques. The instruments used were the ER-14 resilience scale, COVID stress scale, and PHQ-9 depression scale. The data analysis involved chi-square and logistic regression.
Results:
Age (odds ratio [OR]=43.27; 95% confidence interval [CI]=3.01-620.98), number of children (OR=0.21; 95% CI=0.06-0.71), family dependents (OR=0.02; 95% CI=0.00-0.56), and civil servant employee status (OR=0.08; 95% CI=0.01-0.65) were significantly associated with stress among healthcare workers. In terms of resilience, the number of children was an influential determinant (OR=0.17; 95% CI=0.03-0.90), and the number of children (OR=0.21; 95% CI=0.05-0.88), family dependents (OR=11.07; 95% CI=2.12-57.82), work schedule (OR=0.23; 95% CI=0.06-0.90), and work status (OR=0.05; 95% CI=0.00-0.51) were related to depression.
Conclusions:
The findings indicate several demographical and employment factors that contribute to stress, resilience, and depression among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Policy structure is needed to support these workers during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially to ease the burden of domestic responsibility.
REFERENCES (48)
1.
WHO. WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19–11 March 2020. World Health Organization; 2020. Available at: https://www.who.int/director-g... (Accessed: 7 March 2023).
2.
Ke R, Sanche S, Romero-Severson E, Hengartner N. Fast spread of COVID-19 in Europe and the US suggests the necessity of early, strong and comprehensive interventions. medRxiv. 2020;2020.04.04.20050427. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.0....
3.
WHO. WHO coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard. World Health Organization; 2023. Available at: https://covid19.who.int/ (Accessed: 7 March 2023).
4.
Satgas COVID-19. Data sebaran di Indonesia [Distribution data in Indonesia]. Surabaya; 2022. Available at: https://covid19.go.id/peta-seb... (Accessed: 7 March 2023).
5.
Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, et al. A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:40-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.... PMid:32298802 PMCid:PMC7153528.
6.
WHO. Mental health and psychosocial considerations during COVID-19 outbreak. World Health Organization; 2020. Available at: https://www.who.int/docs/defau... (Accessed: 7 March 2023).
7.
Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(5):1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph... PMid:32155789 PMCid:PMC7084952.
8.
Setiawati Y, Wahyuhadi J, Joestandari F, Maramis MM, Atika A. Anxiety and resilience of healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2021;14:1-8. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S... PMid:33442258 PMCid:PMC7797347.
9.
Wu K, Wei X. Analysis of psychological and sleep status and exercise rehabilitation of front-line clinical staff in the fight against COVID-19 in China. Med Sci Monit Basic Res. 2020;26:e924085. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSMBR....
10.
Efendi F, Aurizki GE, Auwalin I, McKenna L. The need for speed: A qualitative study on nurse recruitment and management amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2022;15:1809-17. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S... PMid:36060420 PMCid:PMC9431772.
11.
Alharbi H, Alshehry A. Perceived stress and coping strategies among ICU nurses in government tertiary hospitals in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. Ann Saudi Med. 2019;39(1):48-55. https://doi.org/10.5144/0256-4... PMid:30712051 PMCid:PMC6464677.
12.
Chatzigianni D, Tsounis A, Markopoulos N, Sarafis P. Occupational stress experienced by nurses working in a Greek regional hospital: A cross-sectional study. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2018;23(6):450-7. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijnmr.... PMid:30386395 PMCid:PMC6178576.
13.
Vindegaard N, Benros ME. COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;89:531-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.... PMid:32485289 PMCid:PMC7260522.
14.
Wahyuhadi J, Efendi F, Al Farabi MJ, et al. Association of stigma with mental health and quality of life among Indonesian COVID-19 survivors. PLoS One. 2022;17(2): e0264218. https://doi.org/10.1371/journa... PMid:35196326 PMCid:PMC8865694.
15.
Pappa S, Ntella V, Giannakas T, Giannakoulis VG, Papoutsi E, Katsaounou P. Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;88:901-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.... PMid:32437915 PMCid:PMC7206431.
16.
Fleming J, Ledogar RJ. Resilience, an evolving concept: A review of literature relevant to aboriginal research. Pimatisiwin. 2008;6(2):7-23. PMCid:PMC2956753.
17.
Ungar M, Theron L. Resilience and mental health: How multisystemic processes contribute to positive outcomes. Lancet. Psychiatry. 2020;7(5):441-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-... PMid:31806473.
18.
Wu AW, Connors C, Everly GS. COVID-19: Peer support and crisis communication strategies to promote institutional resilience. Ann Intern Med. 2020;172(12):822-3. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-12... PMid:32251512 PMCid:PMC7146593.
19.
Sánchez D, Robles M. 14-item resilience scale (RS-14): Psychometric properties of the Spanish version. Rev Iberoam Diagnostico Eval Psicol. 2015;40(2):103-13. Available at: https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/45....
20.
Taylor S, Landry CA, Paluszek MM, Fergus TA, McKay D, Asmundson GJG. Development and initial validation of the COVID-19 stress scales. J Anxiety Disord. 2020;72:102232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janx... PMid:32408047 PMCid:PMC7198206.
21.
Arrieta J, Aguerrebere M, Raviola G, et al. Validity and utility of the patient health questionnaire (PHQ)-2 and PHQ-9 for screening and diagnosis of depression in rural Chiapas, Mexico: A cross-sectional study. J Clin Psychol. 2017;73(9):1076-90. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.2... PMid:28195649 PMCid:PMC5573982.
22.
Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW. Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: The PHQ primary care study. J Am Med Assoc. 1999;282(18):1737-44. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2... PMid:10568646.
23.
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606-13. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525... PMid:11556941 PMCid:PMC1495268.
24.
Manzanares I, Sevilla Guerra S, Lombraña Mencía M, Acar-Denizli N, Miranda Salmerón J, Martinez Estalella G. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on stress, resilience and depression in health professionals: A cross-sectional study. Int Nurs Rev. 2021;68(4):461-70. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12... PMid:34097305 PMCid:PMC8242605.
25.
American Psychological Association. The road to resilience. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 2014. Available at: https://www.apa.org/topics/res....
26.
Carstensen LL, Turan B, Scheibe S, et al. Emotional experience improves with age: Evidence based on over 10 years of experience sampling. Psychol Aging. 2011;26(1):21-33. https://doi.org/10.1037/a00212... PMid:20973600 PMCid:PMC3332527.
27.
Aditya MR, Mansyur M, Mokoagow MI, et al. Stress among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic and the determinant factors: A cross-sectional study. Med J Indones. 2022;31(3):148-54. https://doi.org/10.13181/mji.o....
28.
Nieto M, Romero D, Ros L, et al. Differences in coping strategies between young and older adults: The role of executive functions. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 2020;90(1):28-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/009141... PMid:30612437.
29.
Cristenzein LR, Adhi KT. Factors related to work stress among health office employees during COVID-19 pandemic. Indones J Occup Saf Heal. 2021;10(3):389. https://doi.org/10.20473/ijosh....
30.
Cakmak G, Ozturk ZA. Being both a parent and a healthcare worker in the pandemic: Who could be exhausted more? Healthc. 2021;9(5):564. https://doi.org/10.3390/health... PMid:34064965 PMCid:PMC8151967.
31.
Hiraoka D, Tomoda A. Relationship between parenting stress and school closures due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2020;74(9):497-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.13... PMid:32779846 PMCid:PMC7323183.
32.
Noh JW, Kim KB, Park J, Hong J, Kwon YD. Relationship between the number of family members and stress by gender: Cross-sectional analysis of the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PLoS One. 2017;12(9):e0184235. https://doi.org/10.1371/journa... PMid:28886136 PMCid:PMC5590891.
33.
Kandula UR, Wake AD. Magnitude and factors affecting parental stress and effective stress management strategies among family members during COVID-19. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2022;15:83-93. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S... PMid:35027855 PMCid:PMC8752870.
34.
Agustina TS, Ismiati Y, Sutinah S. The job satisfaction of non-civil servant nurses in Indonesia public hospitals. JMMR. 2020;9(3):223-36. https://doi.org/10.18196/jmmr.....
35.
Apriliani E, Hidayah N. Hubungan remunerasi dan motivasi kerja dengan kepuasan kerja perawat di RS PKU Muhammadiyah Gamping [Relationship between remuneration and work motivation with job satisfaction of nurses at PKU Muhammadiyah Gamping Hospital]. J Ilm Univ Batanghari Jambi. 2020;20(1):137. https://doi.org/10.33087/jiubj....
36.
Wirani V, Arso SP, Suryawati C. Analisis perbedaan faktor yang berpengaruh pada kepuasan kerja perawat PNS dan non-PNS di rsud Prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo Purwokerto [Analysis of the differences in factors that influence the job satisfaction of PNS and non-PNS nurses at Prof. Hospital. Dr. Margono Soekarjo Purwokerto]. J Kesehat Masy. 2017;5(4):153-63. https://doi.org/10.14710/jkm.v....
37.
Arslan HN, Karabekiroglu A, Terzi O, Dundar C. The effects of the COVID-19 outbreak on physicians’ psychological resilience levels. Postgrad Med. 2021;133(2):223-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/003254... PMid:33412973.
38.
Santarone K, McKenney M, Elkbuli A. Preserving mental health and resilience in frontline healthcare workers during COVID-19. Am J Emerg Med. 2020;38(7):1530-1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem... PMid:32336584 PMCid:PMC7156943.
39.
Ang SY, Uthaman T, Ayre TC, Mordiffi SZ, Ang E, Lopez V. Association between demographics and resilience–A cross-sectional study among nurses in Singapore. Int Nurs Rev. 2018;65(3):459-66. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12... PMid:29517143.
40.
Mealer M, Jones J, Meek P. Factors affecting resilience and development of posttraumatic stress disorder in critical care nurses. Am J Crit Care. 2017;26(3):184-92. https://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc20... PMid:28461539 PMCid:PMC5685839.
41.
Hoang NA, Van Hoang N, Quach HL, et al. Assessing the mental effects of COVID-19-related work on depression among community health workers in Vietnam. Hum Resour Health. 2022;20(1):1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960... PMid:35986294 PMCid:PMC9390118.
42.
Koinis A, Giannou V, Drantaki V, Angelaina S, Stratou E, Saridi M. The impact of healthcare workers job environment on their mental-emotional health. Coping strategies: The case of a local general hospital. Health Psychol Res. 2015;3(1):1984. https://doi.org/10.4081/hpr.20... PMid:26973958 PMCid:PMC4768542.
43.
Li Y, Wang Y, Lv X, et al. Effects of factors related to shift work on depression and anxiety in nurses. Front Public Health. 2022;10:926988. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.... PMid:35910870 PMCid:PMC9326492.
44.
Seixas A, Ferreira T, Silva M V, Rodrigues MA. The impact of shift work on burnout syndrome, depression, anxiety and stress: A case study in the metalworking industry. Int J Occup Environ Saf. 2018;2(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.24840/2184-....
45.
Fond G, Fernandes S, Lucas G, Greenberg N, Boyer L. Depression in healthcare workers: Results from the nationwide AMADEUS survey. Int J Nurs Stud. 2022;135: 104328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnu... PMid:35952535 PMCid:PMC9359895.
46.
Pala AN, Chuang JC, Chien A, et al. Depression, anxiety, and burnout among hospital workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2022;17(12): e0276861. https://doi.org/10.1371/journa... PMid:36490248 PMCid:PMC9733879.
47.
Russo C, Terraneo M. Mental well-being among workers: A cross-national analysis of job insecurity impact on the workforce. Soc Indic Res. 2020;152(2):421-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205....
48.
Berdahl TA, Moriya AS. Insurance coverage for non-standard workers: Experiences of temporary workers, freelancers, and part-time workers in the USA, 2010-2017. J Gen Intern Med. 2021;36(7):1997. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606... PMid:33772437 PMCid:PMC7997480.
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 2516-3507 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
