Current issue
Archive
About the Journal
About us
Aims and Scope
Indexing and Abstracting
Editorial Office
Open Access Policy
Publication Ethics
Contact
For Authors
Editorial Policy
Peer Review Policy
Manuscript Preparation Guidelines
Copyright & Licensing
Publication Fees
Fast-Track Paper Publication Option
Conflict Interest Guidance
Submit an Article
Special Issues
News & Editorials
“Fake,” “Predatory,” and “Pseudo” Journals: Charlatans Threatening Trust in Science
Shifting the Journal submission-review system to the Editorial System Manuscript December 27, 2017.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
The psychological distress mediates the relationship between electronic devices use and insomnia in adolescents
1
Department of Community and Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 150459, Zarqa 13115, JORDAN
2
Faculty of Medicine, Al-Balqa university, Al-Salt 19117, JORDAN
3
Independent Researcher, JORDAN
4
Department of Basic Sciences, Zarqa College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt 19117, JORDAN
5
AL-Mafraq Governmental Hospital-Ministry of Health, Al-Mafraq, JORDAN
Publication date: 2022-07-15
Electron J Gen Med 2022;19(5):em393
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Introduction:
The relationships among electronic devices (e-devices) use, insomnia, and psychological distress are complex. This study aimed to examine the relationships between e-devices use and the outcomes of insomnia and psychological distress with insomnia and psychological as mediators.
Design:
This is a correlational study utilized cross-sectional data on hours of e-devices use, insomnia, and psychological distress from 485 randomly selected Jordanian adolescents. The PROCESS macro for SPSS was used for the aim of this study.
Results:
The hours of e-devices use predicted psychological distress. The results of mediation analysis showed that the relationship between the hours of e-devices use, and insomnia was mediated by psychological distress scores (indirect effect size=.0462 with 95% confidence interval (CI) .0095 and .0837). However, the relationship between the hours of e-devices use and psychological distress was not mediated by insomnia (indirect effect size=.0247 with 95% CI -.0063 and .0569).
Conclusion:
The hours of e-devices use may exert its effect on insomnia through psychological distress, which may lead to insomnia. This data does not support the hypothesis that insomnia may mediate the relationship between e-devices use and psychological distress. Further research on this topic is warranted. The study supports policymakers and a collaborative team of parents, educators, and health professionals to prevent the harmful effects of excessive e-devices.
The relationships among electronic devices (e-devices) use, insomnia, and psychological distress are complex. This study aimed to examine the relationships between e-devices use and the outcomes of insomnia and psychological distress with insomnia and psychological as mediators.
Design:
This is a correlational study utilized cross-sectional data on hours of e-devices use, insomnia, and psychological distress from 485 randomly selected Jordanian adolescents. The PROCESS macro for SPSS was used for the aim of this study.
Results:
The hours of e-devices use predicted psychological distress. The results of mediation analysis showed that the relationship between the hours of e-devices use, and insomnia was mediated by psychological distress scores (indirect effect size=.0462 with 95% confidence interval (CI) .0095 and .0837). However, the relationship between the hours of e-devices use and psychological distress was not mediated by insomnia (indirect effect size=.0247 with 95% CI -.0063 and .0569).
Conclusion:
The hours of e-devices use may exert its effect on insomnia through psychological distress, which may lead to insomnia. This data does not support the hypothesis that insomnia may mediate the relationship between e-devices use and psychological distress. Further research on this topic is warranted. The study supports policymakers and a collaborative team of parents, educators, and health professionals to prevent the harmful effects of excessive e-devices.
REFERENCES (99)
1.
Wilmer HH, Chein JM. Mobile technology habits: Patterns of association among device usage, intertemporal preference, impulse control, and reward sensitivity. Psychon Bull Rev. 2016;23(5):1607-14. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423... PMid:26980462.
2.
Hisam A, Mashhadi SF, Faheem M, Sohail M, Ikhlaq B, Iqbal I. Does playing video games effect cognitive abilities in Pakistani children? Pak J Med Sci. 2018;34(6):1507-11. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.... PMid:30559813 PMCid:PMC6290198.
3.
Nuyens FM, Kuss DJ, Lopez-Fernandez O, Griffiths MD. The empirical analysis of non-problematic video gaming and cognitive skills: A systematic review. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2018;17(2):389-414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469....
4.
Gumustas F, Gokbay IZ, Ozcetin M, Cag Y, Ozmel A. The relationships between video game experience and cognitive abilities in adolescents. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2019;15:1171-80. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S2... PMid:31190825 PMCid:PMC6514119.
5.
Stiglic N, Viner RM. Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: a systematic review of reviews. BMJ Open. 2019;9(1):e023191. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjope... PMid:30606703 PMCid:PMC6326346.
6.
Lemola S, Perkinson-Gloor N, Brand S, Dewald-Kaufmann JF, Grob A. Adolescents’ electronic media use at night, sleep disturbance, and depressive symptoms in the smartphone age. J Youth Adolesc. 2014;44(2):405-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964... PMid:25204836.
7.
Zhao X, Feng X, Garg R, Kelly KM. Reducing late evening bedtime electronic device intentions and use among young adults. Sleep Health. 2019;5(4):401-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh... PMid:31031180.
8.
Atoum M, Al-Rawashdeh S, Atoum D, Atoum H, Atoum R. Electronic devices use association with psychological distress and seep among adolescents. Electron J Gen Med. 2021;18(6):em327. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejgm/....
9.
World Health Organization [WHO]. ICD-11 for mortality and morbidity statistics (2018). 2018. https://icd.who.int/browse11/l....
10.
Block JJ. Issues for DSM-V: Internet addiction. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165(3):306-7. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.a... PMid:18316427.
11.
Janssen I, Roberts KC, Thompson W. Adherence to the 24-hour movement guidelines among 10- to 17-year-old Canadians. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can. 2017;37(11):369-75. https://doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp... PMid:29119774 PMCid:PMC5695900.
12.
American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). Media and young minds. Pediatrics. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2... PMid:27940793.
13.
Curcio G, Ferrara M, De Gennaro L. Sleep loss, learning capacity and academic performance. Sleep Med Rev. 2006;10(5):323-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv... PMid:16564189.
14.
Victor R, Garg S, Gupta R. Insomnia and depression: How much is the overlap? Indian J Psychiatry. 2019;61(6):623-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/psychi... PMid:31896870 PMCid:PMC6862973.
15.
Wang Q, Mati K, Cai Y. The link between problematic internet use, problematic gaming, and psychological distress: does sleep quality matter? BMC Psychiatry. 2021; 21(1):103. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888... PMid:33593315 PMCid:PMC7888157.
16.
Dagher M, Farchakh Y, Barbar S, et al. Association between problematic social media use and memory performance in a sample of Lebanese adults: The mediating effect of anxiety, depression, stress and insomnia. Head Face Med. 2021;17(1):6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13005... PMid:33622360 PMCid:PMC7901207.
17.
Li C, Liu D, Dong Y. Self-esteem and problematic smartphone use among adolescents: A moderated mediation model of depression and interpersonal trust. Front Psychol. 2019;10:2872. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.... PMid:31920889 PMCid:PMC6933501.
18.
Elhai JD, Dvorak RD, Levine JC, Hall BJ. Problematic smartphone use: A conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. J Affect Disord. 2016;207:251-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.... PMid:27736736.
19.
Neophytou E, Manwell LA, Eikelboom R. Effects of excessive screen time on neurodevelopment, learning, memory, mental health, and neurodegeneration: A scoping review. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2019;19(3):724-44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469....
20.
Alimoradi Z, Lin C, Broström A, et al. Internet addiction and sleep problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2019;47:51-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv... PMid:31336284.
21.
Bartel KA, Gradisar M, Williamson P. Protective and risk factors for adolescent sleep: A meta-analytic review. Sleep Med Rev. 2014;21:72-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv... PMid:25444442.
22.
Carter B, Rees P, Hale L, Bhattacharjee D, Paradkar MS. Association between portable screen-based media device access or use and sleep outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2016;170(12):1202-8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamape... PMid:27802500 PMCid:PMC5380441.
23.
Herlache AD, Lang KM, Krizan Z. Withdrawn and wired: Problematic internet use accounts for the link of neurotic withdrawal to sleep disturbances. Sleep Sci. (Sao Paulo, Brazil). 2018;11(2):69-73. https://doi.org/10.5935/1984-0... PMid:30083293 PMCid:PMC6056065.
24.
Hysing M, Pallesen S, Stormark KM, Jakobsen R, Lundervold AJ, Sivertsen B. Sleep and use of electronic devices in adolescence: Results from a large population-based study. BMJ Open. 2015;5(1):e006748. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjope... PMid:25643702 PMCid:PMC4316480.
25.
Cheung LM, Wong WS. The effects of insomnia and internet addiction on depression in Hong Kong Chinese adolescents: An exploratory cross‐sectional analysis. J Sleep Res. 2011;20(2):311-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365... PMid:20819144.
26.
Brand S, Kirov R. Sleep and its importance in adolescence and in common adolescent somatic and psychiatric conditions. Int J Gen Med. 2011;4:425-42. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S... PMid:21731894 PMCid:PMC3119585.
27.
Fang H, Tu S, Sheng J, Shao A. Depression in sleep disturbance: A review on a bidirectional relationship, mechanisms and treatment. J Cell Mol Med. 2019;23(4):2324-32. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.1... PMid:30734486 PMCid:PMC6433686.
28.
Bhandari PM, Neupane D, Rijal S, Thapa K, Mishra SR, Poudyal AK. Sleep quality, internet addiction and depressive symptoms among undergraduate students in Nepal. BMC Psychiatry. 2017;17(1):106. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888... PMid:28327098 PMCid:PMC5361804.
29.
Vernon L, Modecki KL, Barber BL. Tracking Effects of problematic social networking on adolescent psychopathology: The mediating role of sleep disruptions. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2017;46(2):269-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/153744... PMid:27492763.
30.
Lee JJ, Wang MP, Luk TT, Guo N, Chan SS, Lam TH. Associations of electronic device use before and after sleep with psychological distress among Chinese adults in Hong Kong: Cross-sectional study. JMIR Ment Health. 2020;7(6):e15403. https://doi.org/10.2196/15403 PMid:32525489 PMCid:PMC7317625.
31.
Lovato N, Gradisar M. A meta-analysis and model of the relationship between sleep and depression in adolescents: Recommendations for future research and clinical practice. Sleep Med Rev. 2014;18(6):521-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv... PMid:24857255.
32.
Maalouf FT, MD, Brent DA, MD. Child and adolescent depression intervention overview: What works, for whom and how well? Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2012;21(2):299-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.... PMid:22537728.
33.
Jeppesen P, Clemmensen L, Munkholm A, et al. Psychotic experiences co-occur with sleep problems, negative affect and mental disorders in preadolescence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2015;56(5):558-65. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.1... PMid:25156482.
34.
Lee YJ, Cho S, Cho IH, Kim SJ. Insufficient sleep and suicidality in adolescents. Sleep (New York, N.Y.). 2012;35(4):455-60. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.... PMid:22467982 PMCid:PMC3296786.
35.
Kim S, Park J, Kim H, Pan Z, Lee Y, McIntyre RS. The relationship between smartphone addiction and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity in South Korean adolescents. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2019;18(1):1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991... PMid:30899316 PMCid:PMC6408841.
36.
Hysing M, Lundervold AJ, Posserud M, Sivertsen B. Association between sleep problems and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescence: Results from a large population-based study. Behav Sleep Med. 2016;14(5):550-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/154020... PMid:26503122.
37.
Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the Beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behav Res Ther. 1995;33(3):335-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7....
38.
Osman A, Wong JL, Bagge CL, Freedenthal S, Gutierrez PM, Lozano G. The depression anxiety stress scales—21 (DASS‐21): Further examination of dimensions, scale reliability, and correlates. J Clin Psychol. 2012;68(12):1322-38. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.2... PMid:22930477.
39.
Ali OM, Milstein G. Mental illness recognition and referral practices among Imams in the United States. J Muslim Ment Health. 2012;6(2). https://doi.org/10.3998/jmmh.1....
40.
Singh A. Impact of electronic gadgets on sleep spindle and memory in paediatric population. Sleep Vigilance. 2019;3(2):159-60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41782....
41.
Morin CM, Belleville G, Bélanger L, Ivers H. The insomnia severity index: Psychometric indicators to detect insomnia cases and evaluate treatment response. Sleep (New York, N.Y.). 2011;34(5):601-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/... PMid:21532953 PMCid:PMC3079939.
42.
Bastien CH, Vallières A, Morin CM. Validation of the insomnia severity index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Med. 2001;2(4):297-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1389-....
43.
Chung K, Kan KK, Yeung W. Assessing insomnia in adolescents: Comparison of insomnia severity index, Athens insomnia scale and sleep quality index. Sleep Med. 2011;12(5):463-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.slee... PMid:21493134.
44.
Ahmed AE. Validation of Arabic versions of three sleep surveys. Qatar Med J. 2015;2014(2):20. https://doi.org/10.5339/qmj.20... PMid:25745603 PMCid:PMC4344987.
45.
Suleiman KH, Yates BC. Translating the insomnia severity index into Arabic. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2011;43(1):49-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547... PMid:21342424.
46.
Wong HY, Mo HY, Potenza MN, et al. Relationships between severity of internet gaming disorder, severity of problematic social media use, sleep quality and psychological distress. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(6):1879. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph... PMid:32183188 PMCid:PMC7143464.
47.
Wang C, Li K, Kim M, Lee S, Seo D. Association between psychological distress and elevated use of electronic devices among US adolescents: Results from the youth risk behavior surveillance 2009-2017. Addict Behav. 2019;90:112-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addb... PMid:30388504.
48.
Lin C, Imani V, Griffiths MD, et al. Temporal associations between morningness/eveningness, problematic social media use, psychological distress and daytime sleepiness: Mediated roles of sleep quality and insomnia among young adults. J Sleep Res. 2021;30(1):e13076. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13....
49.
Lange K, Cohrs S, Skarupke C, Görke M, Szagun B, Schlack R. Electronic media use and insomnia complaints in German adolescents: Gender differences in use patterns and sleep problems. J Neural Transm. 2015;124(Suppl 1):79-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702... PMid:26577762.
50.
Schweizer A, Berchtold A, Barrense-Dias Y, Akre C, Suris J. Adolescents with a smartphone sleep less than their peers. Eur J Pediatr. 2016;176(1):131-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431... PMid:27981353.
51.
LeBourgeois MK, Hale L, Chang A, Akacem LD, Montgomery-Downs HE, Buxton OM. Digital media and sleep in childhood and adolescence. Pediatrics (Evanston). 2017;140(Suppl 2):S92-6. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2... PMid:29093040 PMCid:PMC5658795.
52.
Paruthi S, Brooks LJ, D’Ambrosio C, et al. Recommended amount of sleep for pediatric populations: A consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. J Clin Sleep Med. 2016;12(6):785-6. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.5... PMid:27250809 PMCid:PMC4877308.
53.
Buabbas AJ, Hasan H, Buabbas MA. The associations between smart device use and psychological distress among secondary and high school students in Kuwait. PloS One. 2021;16(6):e0251479. https://doi.org/10.1371/journa... PMid:34129598 PMCid:PMC8205156.
54.
Chaput J, Leduc G, Boyer C, et al. Electronic screens in children’s bedrooms and adiposity, physical activity and sleep: Do the number and type of electronic devices matter? Can J Public Health. 2014;105(4):e273-9. https://doi.org/10.17269/cjph.... PMid:25166130 PMCid:PMC6972094.
55.
Suganuma N, Kikuchi T, Yanagi K, et al. Using electronic media before sleep can curtail sleep time and result in self-perceived insufficient sleep. Sleep Biol Rhythms. 2007;5(3):204-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479....
56.
Kappos AD. The impact of electronic media on mental and somatic children’s health. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2007;210(5):555-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhe... PMid:17869577.
57.
Jeong S, Kim H, Yum J, Hwang Y. What type of content are smartphone users addicted to? SNS vs. games. Comput Hum Behav. 2016;54:10-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.....
58.
Samaha M, Hawi NS. Relationships among smartphone addiction, stress, academic performance, and satisfaction with life. Comput Hum Behav. 2016;57:321-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.....
59.
Mishra S, Srivastava M, Tiwary N, Kumar A. Prevalence of depression and anxiety among children in rural and suburban areas of Eastern Uttar Pradesh: A cross-sectional study. Fam Med Prim Care Rev. 2018;7(1):21-6. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.... PMid:29915728 PMCid:PMC5958570.
60.
Ostovar S, Allahyar N, Aminpoor H, Moafian F, Nor MBM, Griffiths MD. Internet addiction and its psychosocial risks (depression, anxiety, stress and loneliness) among Iranian adolescents and young adults: A structural equation model in a cross-sectional study. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2016;14(3):257-67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469....
61.
Putul M, Kahua TD, Choudhury MK, Shobhana M. The influence of culture and society on mental health. Med-Leg Update. 2018;18(2):198. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-1....
62.
Abdul Latiff L, Tajik E, Ibrahim N, Abubakar AS, Ali SSB. Depression and its associated factors among secondary school students in Malaysia. SE Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2016;47(1):131-41.
63.
Madigan S, Browne D, Racine N, Mori C, Tough S. Association between screen time and children’s performance on a developmental screening test. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173(3):244-50. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamape... PMid:30688984 PMCid:PMC6439882.
64.
Al Salman ZH, Al Debel FA, Al Zakaria FM, Shafey MM, Darwish MA. Anxiety and depression and their relation to the use of electronic devices among secondary school students in Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia, 2018-2019. J Fam Community Med. 2020;27(1):53. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfcm.J... PMid:32831562 PMCid:PMC7415272.
65.
Ramón-Arbués E, Gea-Caballero V, Granada-López JM, Juárez-Vela R, Pellicer-García B, Antón-Solanas I. The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress and their associated factors in college students. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(19):1. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph... PMid:32987932 PMCid:PMC7579351.
66.
Rigby CS, Ryan RM. Motivation for entertainment media and its eudaimonic aspects through the lens of self-determination theory. The Routledge Handbook of Media Use and Well-Being: International Perspectives on Theory and Research on Positive Media Effects; 2016.
67.
Jorgenson AG, Hsiao RC, Yen C. Internet addiction and other behavioral addictions. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2016;25(3):509-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.... PMid:27338971.
68.
Andreassen CS, Billieux J, Griffiths MD, et al. The relationship between addictive use of social media and video games and symptoms of psychiatric disorders: A large-scale cross-sectional study. Psychol Addict Behav. 2016;30(2):252. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb000... PMid:26999354.
69.
Seo HS, Jeong E-, Choi S, Kwon Y, Park H-, Kim I. Changes of neurotransmitters in youth with internet and smartphone addiction: A comparison with healthy controls and changes after cognitive behavioral therapy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2020;41(7):1293-301. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A... PMid:32616578 PMCid:PMC7357649.
70.
Kalra S, Swedo S. Children with obsessive-compulsive disorder: are they just “little adults”? J Clin Invest. 2009;119(4):737-46. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI375... PMid:19339765 PMCid:PMC2662563.
71.
Lee YS, Han DH, Kim SM, Renshaw PF. Substance abuse precedes internet addiction. Addict Behav. 2013;38(4):2022-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addb... PMid:23384457 PMCid:PMC4651446.
72.
Avci D, Kelleci M. Effects of the anger coping programme based on cognitive behavioural techniques on adolescents’ anger, aggression and psychological symptoms. Int J Nurs Pract. 2016;22(2):189-96. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12... PMid:26545288.
73.
Vidal C, Lhaksampa T, Miller L, Platt R. Social media use and depression in adolescents: A scoping review. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2020;32(3):235-53. https://doi.org/10.1080/095402... PMid:32065542 PMCid:PMC7392374.
74.
Domingues‐Montanari S. Clinical and psychological effects of excessive screen time on children. J Paediatr Child Health. 2017;53(4):333-8.https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.13... PMid:28168778.
75.
Orben A, Tomova L, Blakemore S. The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(8):634-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-....
76.
Yen J, Lin H, Chou W, Liu T, Ko C. Associations among resilience, stress, depression, and internet gaming disorder in young adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(17):3181. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph... PMid:31480445 PMCid:PMC6747224.
77.
Lee EW, Ho SS, Lwin MO. Explicating problematic social network sites use: A review of concepts, theoretical frameworks, and future directions for communication theorizing. New Media Soc. 2017;19(2):308-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/146144....
78.
Cousins JC, Whalen DJ, Dahl RE, et al. The bidirectional association between daytime affect and nighttime sleep in youth with anxiety and depression. J Pediatr Psychol. 2011;36(9):969-79. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy... PMid:21795377 PMCid:PMC3173744.
79.
Demirci K, Akgonul M, Akpinar A. Relationship of smartphone use severity with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students. J Behav Addict. 2015;4(2):85-92. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.4... PMid:26132913 PMCid:PMC4500888.
80.
Mei X, Zhou Q, Li X, Jing P, Wang X, Hu Z. Sleep problems in excessive technology use among adolescent: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Sci Pract. 2018;2(1):1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41606....
81.
Lewy AJ. Circadian rhythms and mood disorders: a guide for the perplexed. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(5):e662-4. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.14... PMid:26035203.
82.
Fossum IN, Nordnes LT, Storemark SS, Bjorvatn B, Pallesen S. The association between use of electronic media in bed before going to sleep and insomnia symptoms, daytime sleepiness, morningness, and chronotype. Behav Sleep Med. 2014;12(5):343-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/154020... PMid:24156294.
83.
Driller M, Uiga L. The influence of night-time electronic device use on subsequent sleep and propensity to be physically active the following day. Chronobiol Int. 2019;36(5):717-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/074205... PMid:30889985.
84.
Goldstein AN, Walker MP. The role of sleep in emotional brain function. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2014;10(1):679-708. https://doi.org/10.1146/annure... PMid:24499013 PMCid:PMC4286245.
85.
Dutil C, Walsh JJ, Featherstone RB, et al. Influence of sleep on developing brain functions and structures in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Sleep Med Rev. 2018;42:184-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv... PMid:30241996.
86.
Ranum BM, Wichstrøm L, Pallesen S, Falch-Madsen J, Halse M, Steinsbekk S. Association between objectively measured sleep duration and symptoms of psychiatric disorders in middle childhood. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(12):e1918281.https://doi.org/10.1001/jamane... PMid:31880797 PMCid:PMC6991225.
87.
Rohlf HL, Holl AK, Kirsch F, Krahé B, Elsner B. Longitudinal links between executive function, anger, and aggression in middle childhood. Front Behav Neurosci. 2018;12:27. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.... PMid:29535615 PMCid:PMC5835083.
88.
Dolsen MR, Wyatt JK, Harvey AG. Sleep, circadian rhythms, and risk across health dmains in adolescents with an evening circadian preference. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2019;48(3):480-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/153744... PMid:29368957 PMCid:PMC6060007.
89.
Blake MJ, Trinder JA, Allen NB. Mechanisms underlying the association between insomnia, anxiety, and depression in adolescence: Implications for behavioral sleep interventions. Clinical Psychol Rev. 2018;63:25-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.... PMid:29879564.
90.
Minkel J, Moreta M, Muto J, et al. Sleep deprivation potentiates HPA axis stress reactivity in healthy adults. Health Psychol. 2014;33(11):1430-4. https://doi.org/10.1037/a00342... PMid:24818608.
91.
Fernandez-Mendoza J, Vgontzas AN. Insomnia and its impact on physical and mental health. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2013;15(12):418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920... PMid:24189774 PMCid:PMC3972485.
92.
Owens J. Insufficient sleep in adolescents and young adults: An update on causes and consequences. Pediatr (Evanston). 2014;134(3):e921-32. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2... PMid:25157012 PMCid:PMC8194472.
93.
Pandya A, Lodha P. Social connectedness, excessive screen time during COVID-19 and mental health: A review of current evidence. Front Hum Dyn. 2021;3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fhumd.....
94.
Sediyono A, Ariwibowo A. Software requirement specification of intelligent system for monitoring and preventing smartphone addiction. IEEE; 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICON-S....
95.
Zimmermann L. “Your screen-tme app is keeping track”: Consumers are happy to monitor but unlikely to reduce smartphone usage. J Assoc Consum Res. 2021;6(3):377-82. https://doi.org/10.1086/714365.
96.
Nikken P. Do (pre)adolescents mind about healthy media use: Relationships with parental mediation, demographics and use of devices. Cyberpsychol. 2018;12(2). https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2018....
97.
Chang F, Chiu C, Chen P, et al. Children’s use of mobile devices, smartphone addiction and parental mediation in Taiwan. Comput Hum Behav. 2019;93:25-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.....
98.
Meeus A, Eggermont S, Beullens K. Constantly connected: The role of parental mediation styles and self-regulation in pre- and early adolescents’ problematic mobile device use. Hum Commun Res. 2019;45(2):119-47. https://doi.org/10.1093/hcr/hq....
99.
Sampasa-Kanyinga H, Colman I, Goldfield GS, et al. Combinations of physical activity, sedentary time, and sleep duration and their associations with depressive symptoms and other mental health problems in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2020;17(1):1-72. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966... PMid:32503638 PMCid:PMC7273653.
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 2516-3507 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
